Occupying a vast northern corner of the Earth, Canada is simply massive and replete with natural beauty, from glistening lakes and lush forests to soaring mountains and icy tundras. It is the second-largest country in the world and has the world's longest coastline spanning three oceans.

Whether heading to commercial hub Toronto, bustling Vancouver, or somewhere quieter, expats are in for an unforgettable experience.

Living in Canada as an expat

Influences from all over the globe can be seen across Canada. This progressive, diverse and well-developed country is, unsurprisingly, a highly sought-after expat destination that attracts immigrants from all over. Canada was built on immigrant labour, and it hasn’t turned its back on those from abroad. In fact, the country claims one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world.

The visa application process can often seem quite daunting, but there are plenty of resources to assist expats. With a relatively small population, a large portion of which are soon-retiring baby boomers, Canada needs to fill an assortment of jobs to ensure continued economic growth. Canada has an abundance of natural resources, including off-shore natural gas reserves and on-shore oil sands, and many positions are available in its energy sector, as well as in its major cities where financial services, real estate and communications industries are thriving.

Most expats find that their quality of life improves in Canada, with excellent infrastructure, great service delivery, a safe environment and friendly people, all set against a backdrop of rugged and spectacular scenery.

Cost of living in Canada

Expats should pay careful attention when they negotiate their salaries. While the cost of living in Canada is certainly reasonable compared to many of the Asian superpowers and European metros, tax rates are very high. Yet such deductions also give expats access to some of the country's fantastic public services, namely universal health insurance that grants near-comprehensive healthcare coverage and free education at public schools, many of which are reputable.

Climate in Canada

One factor that can be a drawback is the fierce Canadian winters. Expats moving to the coastal and southern regions of Canada won’t suffer as much, but those heading for Calgary, Edmonton or elsewhere in the interior provinces will need to prime themselves for severe cold. Snow can cover the ground for nearly six months of the year in these areas. That said, Canada’s buildings are well equipped to withstand freezing temperatures, and in some cases, cities have even created heated underground pathways between malls, offices and apartment buildings.

Expat families and children in Canada

Canada is a wonderful and safe country in which to raise a family. Public education is generally excellent in Canada and is free for permanent residents and work visa holders, and there are plenty of private and international schooling options, too.

When it comes to being out and about with the family, there are myriad summer and winter outdoor pursuits to keep the little ones engaged. Park and beach days, hikes and mountain biking are just a few of the many activities expats can look forward to.

There's much to consider with a move to Canada, and those planning on relocating will need to take the time to research their intended city, but overall, it is fair to expect a calm, peaceful and well-adjusted life in Canada.

Fast facts

Population: 38.7 million

Capital city: Ottawa

Neighbouring countries: Canada shares a border with the United States of America to the south, as well as the US state of Alaska to the northwest.

Geography: The land is a vast wilderness populated by large modern cities, often against the rustic backdrop of beautiful natural surroundings. It boasts vast mountain ranges and prairies, massive lakes, lush forests and rugged coastlines. 

Political system: Federal parliamentary constitutional democracy

Major religions: Christianity

Main languages: English and French

Money: The Canadian Dollar (CAD), divided into 100 cents.

Tipping: 5 to 20 percent depending on the type of service.

Time: There are six time zones in Canada, ranging from GMT-8 in the west to GMT-3.5 in the east, or GMT-7 and GMT-2.5 from November to March.

Electricity: 110V, 60Hz. Standard plugs are flat two-pins, or plugs with a third round grounding pin.

Internet domain: .ca

International dialling code: +1

Emergency contacts: 911

Transport and driving: Cars drive on the right-hand side of the road. The rail system connects most major cities and smaller communities while buses are modern, safe and clean. Cycling is encouraged, while metered taxis are regulated.

Canada is a massive country of scenic beauty and home to a mosaic of different cultures and ethnic groups. Expats moving to Canada are sure to have many questions about life in this exciting destination. Here are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about Canada.

Is it worth learning French?

Do I need a car in Canada?

Canada is spread out over a huge area, making moving between destinations difficult without owning one's own transportation. It is true that within large cities there are good public transportation systems in place. However, even there, suburbs are sometimes difficult to commute to and from without a vehicle. It is much cheaper to buy a car in Canada rather than bringing one from overseas.

How bad is the weather in winter?

The weather in Canada really depends on the area. All places can expect snowfall; the Pacific Southwest is the mildest with only 50 days a year below freezing. Much of the Arctic north is too cold to live in at any time. Populated areas on the southeast average 23°F (–5°C) for the winter.

Which city do the most expats live in?

Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal have the largest expat populations. While expats in Canada traditionally cluster in large cities, increasingly they are spreading out to smaller ones. There is active recruitment and competition among cities to attract immigration.

Is it easy to buy a house and what are the factors involved in buying a house?

When moving to Canada, location is the largest factor in buying a house. Commutes to work can take a very long time. The average house price in Canada varies tremendously depending on the province. 

The quality of a neighbourhood and the proximity to public transport are two factors to consider when house hunting in Canada. It is probably necessary to hire a real estate agent. Property taxes can be significantly more expensive than abroad. Yet the housing market is large and it is easy for foreigners to buy Canadian property.

With a sophisticated and safe system, it's easy to handle banking, money and taxes in Canada. Connecting to overseas bank accounts is common and paying for goods with local and international credit or debit cards is standard practice.

Money in Canada

The official currency in Canada is the Canadian Dollar, which is divided into 100 cents and is abbreviated either as CAD or C$.

• Notes: 5 CAD,10 CAD, 20 CAD, 50 CAD, 100 CAD

• Coins: 5 cents (nickel), 10 cents (dime), 25 cents (quarter), 1 CAD (loonie) and 2 CAD (toonie)

Canada is both a cash and card society. Expats will find that most merchants accept cash and card as a payment method.

Banking in Canada

The five largest Canadian banks are Royal Bank of Canada, TD Canada Trust, Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. These all offer easy access to accounts, a robust network of ATMs, internet-banking services and branches in most major Canadian towns and cities. International banking options are also available, with foreign banks such as HSBC, Citibank and Bank of America all present in Canada.

Opening a bank account

It is important for expats to open a Canadian bank account as soon as possible to get established and facilitate any transactions from their home country.

Most banks require a Social Insurance Number (SIN) to open an account. In some situations, expats may want to open an account before they receive their SIN. In order to do this, expats should contact a banking representative who will explain the types of accounts and determine a suitable package for their needs. 

Taxes in Canada

Paying Canadian income tax depends on a number of factors, one of which is residency. An individual is considered a Canadian tax resident if they are in the country for longer than 183 days a year. Expats who are tax residents in Canada will be taxed on money earned anywhere in the world. Those who are not considered tax residents will only be required to pay income tax on money earned in the country. 

There are two systems in place in Canada: provincial and federal taxation. 

Taxation is based on income brackets that determine the percentage of income that will be taxed. Those in a higher bracket will pay more taxes while those in a lower income bracket will pay less.  

Expat tax matters can be complex, so it's always best to consult a local specialist tax practitioner.

It’s little wonder that with a stable economy and healthy job market, Canada is attracting an increasing number of opportunity-seeking expats. 

A land built on the backs of immigrant labour, Canada has a well-documented history of welcoming working expats into the country. Those with commendable industry experience and a degree of specialisation will find that there is no shortage of job opportunities. 

Experts anticipate that the manpower associated with the local baby-boomer generation will be depleted in coming years, leaving Canada even more inclined to welcome highly skilled workers to help sustain its expanding, dynamic economy.  

Job market in Canada

Though Canada is often brushed off as a country that thrives only because of its abundant natural resources, including strong forestry, fishing, oil and gas sectors, in actuality these industries are not nearly as important as the big business that has come to rule the manufacturing and service industries.

More explicitly, in Canada’s urban centres, expats may be able to find positions in the financial services-, real-estate- and communications industries, all of which have been growing in recent years. 

All things considered, though, expats moving to Canada from the UK or the US should expect slightly lower wages, not to mention higher taxes. That said, it is important to note that Canada offers better healthcare and social benefits, while its cities have earned recognition as some of the best places to live in the world. So, a slightly lower income should not have a massive impact on a person’s quality of life.

Finding a job in Canada

Canada takes pride in its strong infrastructure and well-maintained support systems, so it comes as no surprise that there are multiple resources available to assist individuals in their job search.  

Before starting the search, it’s important to recognise that the job market in Canada may not only be vastly different from what an expat may be used to, but that different provinces in Canada may demand different skill sets. For example, in Quebec, it may be expected that job seekers have some French language knowledge. It may also be necessary to make sure foreign qualifications are recognised in Canada before applying for a position, so research is key.  

There's are a variety of internet job portals where expats can upload their resume and apply for jobs. Social networks, such as LinkedIn, and social media groups are also becoming increasingly valuable in the job search. 

Lastly, expats shouldn’t underestimate the value of networking, and of taking advantage of organisations for newcomers and trade associations in each province.

Work culture in Canada

Canada's work culture is generally quite casual but abides by strong values. Punctuality, respect and teamwork are key. Most Canadian companies have a top-down structure, meaning that decisions are largely made by those in executive positions rather than the company as a whole.

When meeting and greeting, it's important to make direct eye contact and to give a strong handshake. Dress codes vary by industry, with sectors such as finance leaning more towards formal attire while creative industries are more casual.

Healthcare in Canada is decentralised, comprehensive and universal for all citizens and permanent residents. The universal public health insurance affords low-cost access to doctors and other health practitioners. Unfortunately, expats with temporary residency in Canada are not eligible for the same benefits.

This insurance system, known as Medicare, allows individuals to seek treatment at both private and public healthcare facilities; though the overwhelming majority of hospitals, clinics and practices in Canada are, in fact, private. The system does not dictate which doctor or service provider an individual must use.

Still, even if expats don’t qualify for Medicare and must take out a more expensive private health insurance plan, they can rest assured that they will receive high-quality treatment administered by well-trained professionals.

Public healthcare in Canada

The healthcare system in Canada is funded publicly by taxes, but doctors and hospitals run their own businesses privately – billing the government for services rendered.

Each province or territory defines the procedures and services covered by its particular health insurance plan. All core health services, such as acute hospital care and most physician services, are covered. This affords expats and locals alike a fair opportunity to receive high quality treatment. 

A downside to the system is the fact that waiting times can be long. Though emergencies are addressed immediately, some individuals report waiting weeks for a mere consultation and even up to six months for an important surgery.

There is also a shortage of general practitioners and many won’t take new patients. To make matters more frustrating, specialists require a referral from a general practitioner before they can provide treatment.

Still, despite these issues, it's commonly agreed that the benefits of the public healthcare system in Canada far outweigh the downsides.

Getting a health insurance card in Canada

Expats moving to Canada should make it a priority to apply for a medical card upon arrival. Application forms are available online. Identification in the form of a birth certificate or passport and confirmation of permanent residence is required to complete the process. 

Only once this documentation is processed can expats qualify to receive Medicare treatment of any kind. In most Canadian territories and provinces, each individual member of a family receives a unique personal identification number and accompanying card.

Insurance co-pays vary across provinces and territories in line with each location’s policies and wealth distribution, but are generally cheap across the board. Note that medical care services offered in one province or territory may differ in another, and we recommend acquiring private health insurance when travelling across Canada. It’s also advisable for expats waiting for their health insurance card (a three-month waiting period is standard) to take out private health insurance for that period.

Private health insurance in Canada

Private health insurance in Canada is used by locals and residents as a supplement to Medicare, and is used by temporary residents as the main source of cover.  

Various packages are available, and expats will need to conduct some research and carefully evaluate their priorities to see which plan and service provider is most suitable. 

Premiums tend to be on the expensive side, so if relocating to Canada with a job offer in place, expats should negotiate the inclusion of private insurance in their employment package.

Pharmacies in Canada

Pharmacies can easily be found in all major Canadian cities. They are located within drug, grocery and large department stores, while others are attached to hospitals and medical clinics. 

Expats will find that they can get most prescription medicines at a pharmacy in Canada. As some medication is expensive, it is best to keep the receipt in order to claim the cost from either Medicare or a private health insurer.

Emergency medical services in Canada

Emergency medical services in Canada are regulated by individual provinces and, by law, must be provided to anyone in need. 

In case of a medical emergency, an ambulance can be requested by dialling 911. Paramedics in Canada are highly trained and provide excellent care at the scene of an accident or emergency.

Expats moving to Canada have a lot to consider when it comes to shipping household goods. Generally, the rule of thumb is that if it can be replaced in Canada, it's best to leave it. 

Even though the east and west coasts of this massive country are home to large, efficient ports, shipping is expensive. In most cases, expats can purchase new goods once they arrive in Canada for less than they'd pay to ship them over. There are also plenty of furnished accommodation options available in most Canadian cities. For those settling in Calgary, or in other inland destinations, shipping will be especially costly, as the process will require a combination of different delivery methods.

Shipping household goods to Canada

Those who decide to bring household goods with them to Canada can streamline the process by strategically dividing their belongings. The most essential goods should be brought over by air-freight, which is faster but more expensive, while the rest is shipped by sea.  

It's also important to spend some time researching shipping companies and getting quotes from reputable providers before committing to an agreement. Insurance is essential, and should not be purchased from the shipping company but from an independent insurance provider.

Canadian embassies

• Canadian Embassy, Washington DC, United States: +1 844 880 6519

• Canadian High Commission, London, United Kingdom: +44 20 7004 6000

• Canadian High Commission, Canberra, Australia: +61 2 6270 4000

• Canadian High Commission, Pretoria, South Africa: +27 12 422 3000

• Canadian Embassy, Dublin, Ireland: +353 1 234 4000

• Canadian High Commission, Wellington, New Zealand: +64 4 473 9577

Foreign embassies in Canada

• United States Embassy, Ottawa: +1 613 238 5335

• British High Commission, Ottawa: +1 613 237 1530

• Australian High Commission, Ottawa: +1 613 236 0841

• South African High Commission, Ottawa: +1 613 744 0330

• Irish Embassy, Ottawa: +1 613 233 6281

• New Zealand High Commission, Ottawa: +1 613 238 5991

Canadian culture derives from an amalgamation of various immigrant cultures. Indeed, many newly-arrived expats may be surprised to find remnants of their own culture reflected in Canada’s various customs. While culture shock in Canada is not a problem most expats are likely to deal with, there are still a few things worth knowing.

Language barrier in Canada

Language barriers are unlikely to be an issue for expats, as the majority of the country is English-speaking, apart from Quebec whose population is mostly Francophone. Quebec is culturally and linguistically distinct from the rest of the country and expats moving to its capital, Montreal, will benefit significantly from learning French.

Cultural differences in Canada

The large cities, especially Toronto and Victoria, reflect a strong British heritage, while Montreal is proudly French and Vancouver hosts many Asian cultures. Where America prides itself on its integration of cultures, Canada encourages co-existence in an 'ice cream swirl' or, as it is commonly referred to, a cultural mosaic. Nearly a quarter of Canada's population originate from a different country. 

While various cultures are encouraged to maintain their traditions and flourish, the mainstream culture is very similar to that of the US – which will be familiar to most expats owing to America's far-reaching film and television industry.

Geographical distances in Canada

What may come as a surprise to expats is more geographical than cultural. The incredible size of Canada makes driving even just to the next town quite a journey. Driving across Canada, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, is almost equivalent to the distance between the UK and Pakistan.

Weather in Canada

One of the biggest challenges expats will encounter is the weather in Canada. Many newcomers, especially those from warmer climates, will have to get used to long and often harsh winters. The northern territories are at the receiving end of the most extreme levels, but provinces and cities closer to the United States border typically enjoy more temperate weather. That said, summer is usually lovely and warm, with both the west and east coasts basking in milder conditions.

Expats intending to work in Canada legally will, in most cases, need a work permit. There are two types of work permits: open work permits and employer-specific work permits. Both types have their own requirements and privileges.

Types of work permits in Canada

Employer-specific Permits

This type of permit, as the name suggests, is only valid for a job from a particular employer. Should an expat wish to change employers, they would need to find a new job and restart the work-permit process.

To obtain an employer-specific permit, expats must first secure a job offer from a Canadian employer. Canadian employers must be able to prove that the job on offer cannot be filled by a Canadian citizen. The employer must show that they have advertised the position throughout Canada for a certain period and have been unable to find a qualified local candidate.

Open Work Permits

Open Work Permits are not tied to a particular employer and allow permit holders to change jobs or employers freely. This type of work permit is available to expats who fulfil any one of a number of requirements, including holding a temporary residence permit, being a permanent residency applicant, or being a spouse of a skilled worker.

Overall, the cost of living in Canada is high – but so is the quality of life. Mercer's 2023 Cost of Living Survey, which measures the comparative cost of items in 227 cities worldwide, ranked Toronto as the world's 90th most expensive city, with Vancouver at 116th. Calgary, Ottawa and Montreal are more affordable, ranking 145th, 137th and 135th, respectively.

While housing is expensive, expats earning a decent salary will find these cities to be otherwise affordable, thanks to the fact that Canada provides subsidised health insurance and education. 

Cost of living in Canada chart

Prices may vary depending on product and service provider. The list below shows average prices for Toronto in June 2023.

*The above are national public holidays. In Canada, additional public holidays are designated in each of the territories and provinces. Local authorities can provide more information.

*If a public holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday becomes a holiday.

Canada remains a popular expat destination thanks to its thriving economy, strong public service, and safe, multicultural society. While there may be some drawbacks, the vast majority will agree that the advantages of living in Canada far outweigh the disadvantages.  

Below are some of the pros and cons that expats may experience living in Canada.

Culture in Canada

+ PRO: Multicultural society that is welcoming to immigrants

Canada has long been a welcoming country for expats wanting to forge a new life abroad. The government’s comparatively open immigration policy is widely publicised. Skills shortages in many industries continue to drive the need for foreign workers.  

Expats relocating to Canada can expect to find multicultural communities accustomed to interacting and integrating with those from abroad; a point that can make a big difference when settling in.

Working in Canada

+ PRO: A strong employment market

While many Western nations have suffered record unemployment rates and taken a firmer stance against immigration, Canada remains largely unaffected and continues to welcome new arrivals. Expats who have the right skills and experience may find the Canadian economic climate even more welcoming.

Climate in Canada

- CON: Harsh weather conditions

Because of the sprawling nature of Canada’s landscapes, the climate is incredibly varied. Despite the country's awe-inspiring natural beauty, some expats may be put off by the freezing winters. Depending on where they reside, expats may spend a few good months tramping through heavy snows, shovelling driveways and driving on dangerously icy roads. Nevertheless, Canadians don't let the weather stop them from enjoying an active outdoor lifestyle, and many sports from ice hockey to skiing are popular winter pursuits.

+ PRO: Excellent healthcare

Canada offers an affordable and high-quality universal healthcare system known as Medicare. All citizens and permanent residents are entitled to free health insurance. Each province offers different coverage options, with dentistry and optometry usually excluded, so most Canadians also have private health insurance to supplement these costs. Individuals are free to choose their own health-service provider, but wait times for certain procedures can be frustratingly long.

Cost of living in Canada

The high cost of living in Canada may come as an initial shock to new arrivals. Canadian cities regularly rank among the world's most expensive for expats. Vancouver and Toronto are the most expensive, with Calgary trailing not too far behind.  

Taxes in Canada are high, and expats may see a large percentage of their salary going towards provincial and federal taxes. Nevertheless, the reward for this is excellent public-service delivery, including world-class universal healthcare.

Accommodation in Canada

+ PRO: Great standard of accommodation

Accommodation in Canada is in the form of apartments, condos and standalone houses, all of which are generally of high quality. The apartments in the country are usually larger than those found in European cities.

- CON: Housing is extremely expensive

Due to a disparity in the demand and supply for homes in Canada, the country has one of the most expensive property markets in the world. That said, homes in smaller cities and those outside of city centres tend to be more affordable.

Safety in Canada

+ PRO: Safety

Canada has a reputation as an incredibly safe destination, and expats won’t need to be overly concerned about their safety while living here. Crime rates are generally low, even in major cities. The Canadian police are professional and well-respected and carry out their duties timeously and efficiently.

Few resources can build a better picture of life in Canada than the expat blogs maintained by already established foreigners. Whether these writers are recounting great challenges, relaying roll-on-the-floor funny encounters, delivering crucial advice and important tips or reaching out to those around them, their insights afford others a unique and personal glimpse into their new community.

Recommended expat blogs in Canada

Due to its large landmass, Canada’s weather is highly variable depending on the location. The country stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and extends across six time zones.

That said, most expats living in Canada will find themselves residing within a few hundred miles of the United States border and in a more temperate climate (except for those living in Calgary and Edmonton). Only a small percentage of the population chooses to withstand the harsh conditions in the northern territories, just south of the Arctic Circle.

Though the weather extremes in Canada are fairly fluid across different regions, the four distinct seasons are similar throughout the country. Winters tend to be long and cold, while expats can expect hot but short summers. Weather on Canada's west coast of British Columbia and its east coast of Newfoundland is milder, a direct result of the maritime influence, but these areas also experience more rainfall.

The interior of the country is generally flat and, for this reason, absorbs the cold currents and sweeping winds coming from the Canadian Arctic. The prairies in Canada also experience drastic weather changes from season to season. Some of the hottest and coldest temperatures in the country occur here.

Early history and European colonisation

• Indigenous peoples have lived in what is now Canada for thousands of years. Today's indigenous population in Canada includes descendants of the First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples.
• 1534: In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, European explorers, including John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) from Italy and Jacques Cartier from France, arrive in Canada.
• 1608: Samuel de Champlain establishes a settlement in the area now known as Quebec, which becomes the capital of New France.
• 1756: The French and British fight for control of Canada in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, with the British ultimately gaining control after the Seven Years' War (1756–1763).
• In 1759, British forces under General James Wolfe defeated French forces in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, leading to British control of Quebec.
• 1763: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 establishes British control over much of North America and recognises the rights of Indigenous peoples.
• 1774: The Quebec Act of 1774 grants religious and language rights to French-speaking Catholics in Quebec, but also expands Quebec's boundaries to include the Ohio River Valley, angering American colonists.
• 1775-1783: The American Revolution leads to an influx of loyalist refugees to Canada, particularly to Nova Scotia and what is now Ontario.
• 1791: The Constitutional Act created Upper and Lower Canada (now Ontario and Quebec) and grants limited representative government.
• 1812: The War of 1812, fought between the United States and Britain, has significant battles take place in Canada and contributes to a growing sense of Canadian nationalism.
• 1831: The first Church-run Indian residential school is opened. This was the beginning of what would become the Canadian-Indian Residential School System, a network of boarding schools designed to isolate indigenous children from their cultures and families with the goal of assimilating them into the dominant national culture.
• 1840: The Act of Union merges Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single government and legislature.
• The 1840s saw a wave of immigration to Canada, particularly from Ireland and Scotland, as well as the beginning of railway construction and the growth of industrialisation.
• 1867: On 1 July 1867, with the passage of the British North America Act, the Dominion of Canada is officially established as a self-governing entity within the British Empire, uniting the three British-held territories in North America (namely Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) into one entity named Canada. 1 July will later become known as Canada Day.
• 1885: The Northwest Rebellion breaks out in late March, led by Louis Riel and the Métis people. Numerous battles occur, but ultimately the Métis people are outnumbered by government forces and surrender by early June.
• 1885: The Canadian Pacific Railway is completed, connecting the country from coast to coast.
• 1894: Attendance at day schools, industrial schools or residential schools becomes compulsory for children of indigenous families. Owing to how communities were structured, residential schools were the only option for most. The Indian Residential School era lasts over 150 years, with the last school closing in 1997. Estimated residential school fatalities throughout this time range from 3,200 to possibly more than 30,000. Most deaths were due to diseases such as tuberculosis, which was spread through poorly ventilated buildings and a lack of medical screenings.
• 1896: Gold is discovered in Yukon, leading to the Klondike Gold Rush. Roughly 100,000 prospectors migrate to the area over the next two years in search of gold.

20th century

• 1905: Saskatchewan and Alberta became the newest provinces of Canada.
• 1914-1918: The First World War sees significant Canadian involvement, with thousands of soldiers fighting in Europe and the Canadian Corps achieving major victories at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele. More than 620,000 Canadians serve in the war. The country suffers a loss of 60,000 soldiers, with 170,000 wounded.
• The 1920s saw a period of economic growth and social change, including the introduction of women's suffrage and the rise of jazz and other cultural movements.
• The Great Depression hits Canada, leading to mass unemployment and poverty throughout the 1930s.
• 1931: The Statute of Westminster grants Canada and other Dominions legislative independence, allowing them to make laws without British approval.
• World War II: Canada joins the war effort, with over 1 million Canadians serving in the military. 44,000 Canadian lives were lost.
• 1949: Canada becomes a founding member of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. In the same year, Newfoundland becomes the 10th and final province to join Canada.
• The 1950s and 1960s see significant social and cultural changes, including the Quiet Revolution in Quebec, the introduction of universal healthcare, and the growth of the civil rights movement.
• 1960: The Canadian Bill of Rights is passed, which affirms fundamental rights and freedoms for Canadians.
• 1980: Quebec holds a referendum on independence, with 60 percent of votes indicating the population's preference to remain part of Canada.
• 1982: The Constitution Act is passed, patriating Canada's constitution and establishing the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
• 1987: Canada signs the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement.
• 1995: A second independence referendum is held in Quebec. Again, the campaign to remain part of Canada wins, but the margin of victory is much narrower at 50.5 percent of votes.

21st century

• 2001: Canada joins the United States-led war in Afghanistan, committing 2,500 troops to the conflict.
• 2005: Same-sex marriage is legalised in Canada, making it the fourth country in the world to do so.
• 2008: The Canadian government issues a formal apology for the creation of Indian residential schools, as well as the resultant pain and suffering caused. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission is established to document the lasting impact of residential schools on the indigenous population.
• 2011: Canada becomes the only country to repudiate the Kyoto Accord meant to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• 2015: Canada celebrates 150 years of Confederation. Justin Trudeau becomes Canada's Prime Minister, leading a government focused on issues such as climate change, reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, and diversity and inclusivity.
• 2017: The Canadian government agrees to pay reparations to indigenous people who were taken away from their families as children and placed into Indian residential schools. 
• 2018: Canada becomes the first G7 country to legalise recreational marijuana use.
• 2019: Justin Trudeau's Liberal Party is re-elected to a minority government.
• 2020: The Covid-19 pandemic hits Canada, killing more than 51,000 and leading to lockdowns and significant damage to the economy.

The process of securing suitable, reasonably priced accommodation in Canada can be a long and arduous task for expats. There is high demand and a general shortage of accommodation in Canada’s major metros, so new arrivals with little knowledge of Canada’s property market might benefit from using a real-estate agent. 

Most expats moving to Canada rent a home, at least initially, to get a feel for their new city before committing to purchasing a house.

Types of accommodation in Canada

Expats moving to Canada will find a range of property types available. The options vary somewhat between cities, but accommodation generally consists of apartments (usually located in city centres), townhouses (also known as rowhouses), and standalone houses (typically found in the suburbs). 

Canada is a modern, highly industrialised and economically stable country, and the standard of accommodation is generally high. Houses in Canada are generally more spacious than in Europe and will usually have some kind of heating system in place to deal with some of the weather extremes.

Most rental homes in Canada come unfurnished, so expats will need to account for the cost of buying or leasing furniture.

Finding accommodation in Canada

We recommend that expats research their destination city well in advance and try to pinpoint potential neighbourhoods in line with their budget, lifestyle and needs. Trawling through online rental classifieds and real-estate websites will give prospective residents an idea of what is available. 

Once in Canada, it is a good idea to view a few properties, check out different areas and neighbourhoods, test the market and calibrate one's expectations accordingly. Social media groups are also a good jumping-off point. 

If expats have no luck on their own, real-estate agents are a good resource. Since many landlords don't want to bother with the hassle of finding tenants, estate agents often have a mandate over the best rental properties in a given city.

Renting property in Canada

Lease agreements are very important in Canada and are usually strictly adhered to. Prospective tenants should be sure to read the contract carefully, as its conditions are legally binding once it's been signed. 

The agreement will cover the following considerations: 

• duration of the lease (usually 12 months, often extendable) 

• additional financial responsibilities of the tenant (water will normally be included in the rental charge, but tenants will have to pay for gas and electricity) 

• deposit (often this will be one month’s rent, refundable in principle as long as the property is returned in the same condition)

Canada is one of the world's most progressive countries and is home to a diverse populace made up of people from all over the globe. That being said, there is still room for more progress in certain areas. Read on to learn more about inclusion and diversity in Canada.

Accessibility in Canada

The Canadian government prioritises accessibility – in 2019, the country adopted the Accessible Canada Act, which aims to make the country a barrier-free environment by 2040. The legislation identifies several critical areas for identifying, preventing and removing barriers, including the built environment, technology, communications and transportation. Though this is a work in progress, continual improvements are being made.

The Canadian Transportation Agency has a comprehensive guide for travellers with disabilities, while Parks Canada's website lists accessible trails, camping and activities across the country.

While many buildings and attractions around Canada are easily accessible, transport can be challenging to navigate in some locations, such as Toronto and Montreal. On the other hand, numerous cities in Canada, such as Vancouver, have well-designed public transport systems allowing easy access.  

Useful links

Canadian Transport Agency Accessible Transportation Guides
Parks Canada Accessibility Guide
Wheelchair Travel in Canada

LGBTQ+ in Canada

Canada is one of the world's most progressive nations when it comes to protecting the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals. In 2006, Canada became the fourth country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage. Same-sex couples are allowed to adopt, and conversion therapy is banned. There are no surgical requirements for changing one's legal gender, and there are provisions for non-binary or intersex individuals, who can choose 'X' as their legal gender rather than 'F' or 'M'. Discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression is prohibited. The country recognises LGBTQ+ discrimination as grounds for seeking refugee status in Canada.

Though Canada provides more legal protection for LGBTQ+ individuals than most other governments, the community remains vulnerable. A slow rise of right-wing conservatism in the general population has led to some pushback against the country's progressive policies. This attitude has been bolstered by the recent success of anti-trans laws being passed in the USA. Though Canadian laws are highly unlikely to be rolled back, this does mean that anti-LGBTQ+ sentiments may be encountered in day-to-day life.

Useful links

Egale
Rainbow Railroad
Rainbow Resource Centre

Gender equality in Canada

Canada is considered a world leader in gender equality, with organisations such as the UN praising the country's commitment to empowering women. Gender equality is well protected under the law in Canada, most notably under the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Other significant laws include the Employment Equity Act and the Pay Equity Act.

That being said, the reality of gender equality in Canada is somewhat different. Despite laws promising pay equity, for instance, working women in Canada earn 89 cents an hour for every dollar a man would make. When it comes to climbing the job ladder, women are 30 percent less likely to be promoted than men.

Useful links

Women and Gender Equality in Canada

Women in leadership in Canada

Though there are a fair number of women in leadership positions in Canada, there are still noticeably more men in such positions. Roughly a third of management positions are held by women, occupying just over 30 percent of senior-management-level roles. Board membership remains predominantly male, with 18 percent of board members being female.

In politics, just below one-third of the House of Commons comprises female representatives. Although this is the highest rate of female representation in Canada's history, it's still a long way from being a true reflection of the general population, which is made up of roughly equal numbers of men and women.

Useful links

Canadian Women's Foundation

Mental health awareness in Canada

Mental illness in Canada is a serious problem, with one in three Canadians being affected by mental illness in their lifetime. Although the country's universal healthcare system covers various forms of treatment for mental illness, waitlists can be extremely long, ranging from weeks to years in extreme cases. Timing is vital when it comes to treating mental illness, as early intervention is associated with better patient outcomes. On the other hand, delayed treatment often leads to worsening symptoms that cause a disruption in everyday function, a longer recovery period and, in the worst cases, the increased risk of suicidal behaviour.

Expats worldwide have higher incidences of mental illness than local populations, with a higher risk of depression and substance abuse. This is largely due to the stress, loneliness and isolation that tends to come with major life changes like moving to a foreign country.

It's imperative for expats to be adequately insured, allowing them to seek immediate treatment in private healthcare rather than enduring the wait times of the public system. As employers are becoming more aware of the importance of good mental health, it's becoming more common for company-supplied health insurance to include provision for mental healthcare. Expats should check the details of the supplied policy to ensure coverage is adequate – especially if they are already diagnosed and in treatment for a mental illness.

Useful links

Canadian Mental Health Association
Government of Canada – Mental Health and Wellness
Wellness Together

Unconscious bias education in Canada

Unconscious bias is an implicit set of stereotyped ideas that an individual carries about groups of people different to themselves. These ideas are not usually purposefully adopted but rather develop subtly over time, and people tend to hold unconscious biases about groups they never or rarely come into contact with. As a result, these perceptions are often inaccurate and based on assumptions.

Unconscious bias can profoundly affect both personal and work conditions. In the workplace, unchecked bias undermines vital aspects of the company, negatively impacting employee performance, retention and recruitment. In a bid to create a better work environment, many companies are beginning to institute unconscious bias training. There are also a number of online resources that can be used to improve self-awareness regarding bias.

Useful links

implicit.harvard.edu
www.nonprofitready.org/unconscious-bias-training

Diversification of the workforce in Canada

More than a quarter of Canada's workforce is made up of immigrants, most of whom hail from Asia and Europe. Immigrants play a crucial role in Canada's industrial growth, contributing to innovation and economic development across various sectors, and the portion of immigrants working in the country is continually increasing. By 2031, it's estimated that a third of Canada's workers will be immigrants. In certain cities – namely Toronto and Vancouver – half of the core-aged working population is already made up of immigrants.

Studies show that workplace diversification is hugely beneficial to companies and employees. In recognition of this, many of the largest companies in the country are setting up diversity and inclusion programmes, ensuring that a wide variety of people is represented among employees.

Safety in Canada

Canada is considered one of the safest countries in the world, and expats will have little cause for concern when it comes to their day-to-day safety. The country has a low crime rate and a trusted police force with fast response times.

As with any location, petty theft can occur, so it's always best to take standard precautions such as locking doors, keeping valuables out of sight and remaining aware of one's surroundings.

Calendar initiatives in Canada

4 February – World Cancer Day
March – TB Awareness Month
8 March – International Women's Day
19 May – Global Accessibility Awareness Day
June – Pride Month
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day
October – Breast Cancer Awareness Month
10 October –World Mental Health Day
14 November – World Diabetes Day
1 December – World AIDS Day

New arrivals will be pleased to know the standard of education in Canada is high, and the assortment of schooling options is impressive. Given the broad range of choices, expat parents will want to get a head start by researching schools as far in advance as possible. A helpful resource in this regard is the Fraser Institute, which issues publicly-available annual report cards to schools based on academic and overall performance.  

Parents should note that Canada has no nationalised system of education, and instead grants the responsibility of execution and assessment to the thirteen individual provinces and territories. As a result, the systems in each region will be largely similar, but not identical. The compulsory education age range is also controlled by the individual jurisdictions and may vary, though attendance is compulsory between the ages of six and 16 in most provinces. 

Once expats have decided which province or territory they would like to settle in, they'll need to be more pointed in their research and consider whether a public or a private school will best suit their child’s needs. Both have their pros and cons, but cost and curriculum are often the factors that carry the most weight in the decision-making process.

Public schools in Canada

Public school curricula in Canada’s individual provinces are usually reflective of the territory’s population, language, history and culture. In predominately French-speaking Quebec, for instance, the primary language of education is French. New Brunswick follows a bilingual language policy, while the other provinces are English. 

While some public schools may also offer International Baccalaureate (IB) and Advanced Placement (AP) curricula, this is not the norm.

Expat students with a residence permit can attend Canadian public schools for free, while non-residents are liable to pay the tuition fee appointed by their province/territory. 

As in most countries, the standards of public schools vary from one to the next, so it’s best to do extensive research. As students attend Canadian public schools based on catchment zones, parents often pick their residential neighbourhood based on the school they’d like their children to attend.

Private and international schools in Canada

Though the majority of Canadian citizens utilise the free public education system, expats who can afford it may also want to consider private or international schools for their children. 

These institutions are primarily funded by student tuition and private donors. Generally, they boast better facilities, a more diverse and comprehensive range of extra-curricular activities, smaller class sizes and a higher standard of education. 

Each school can establish its own curriculum, some claiming different language affiliations, teaching styles and religious value systems. This point may be important to those expats who'd prefer that their children continue learning in their home language, home curriculum or according to a distinct educational philosophy. 

However, such liberties do come with a hefty price tag. Tuition fees at private and international schools in Canada are costly.

Special-needs education in Canada

As is the case with most education-related matters in Canada, each province is largely responsible for how they handle students whose behavioural, communication, intellectual or physical needs can’t be met by the standard education system. The government abides by the principle that children with special needs should be kept in mainstream schools as far as possible, with individualised assistance, concessions or special arrangements made to support students. For those with more severe disabilities that need intensive support, there are special schools available.

Tutors in Canada

Throughout Canada, tutors are widely used, whether for exam preparation or extra help with a particular subject such as maths or science. Expat families may find even more ways to make use of tutors as they can assist with bridging the gap between a child's previous schooling abroad and current education in Canada, especially where a completely new curriculum is being followed. There are also tutors specialising in language who can help expat children develop their English skills, or maintain fluency in their native language.

Expats doing business in Canada are likely to find that the customs and practices are influenced by a blend of American, British and French business cultures. These diverse influences result in a unique Canadian business culture with a number of nuances to speak of. 

Canada has a large and thriving free-market economy, and though there is more government intervention here than in the US, there is far less than in many European countries. Locals tend to be open minded and tolerant, and expat businesspeople can look forward to a welcoming working environment.

Whether planning to carve their way down Canada’s ski slopes on holiday, or settle into one of its world-famous urban centres on a more permanent basis, it is essential for those wishing to enter Canada to research the different visas available. 

The visa application process may appear overwhelming due to the more than 60 categories available, but the good news is that the Canadian government provides a comprehensive and updated online resource that assists applicants with the process.

Despite its large geographic size, getting around Canada is fairly easy thanks to an excellent transport system. The country has well-established road networks and an extensive railway system, as well as a large number of domestic airports – all of which combine to make travelling around Canada straightforward and painless.

Public transport in Canada

Trains

VIA Rail is Canada’s national passenger rail services operator, and its trains link major Canadian cities, such as Toronto, Calgary and Vancouver, and many smaller communities. 

There are different service classes on Canadian trains, though the country’s rail services are generally high quality regardless of class. The trains are neat, the seats are spacious and passengers can access free WiFi.  

Travelling by train costs more than by bus, but it's more comfortable. It’s recommended to buy train tickets in advance as it’s cheaper than buying them on the spot. 

Buses

Bus services in Canada are also excellent. The buses are clean, safe and reliable. 

There are a number of service providers offering intercity bus travel, with extensive networks across Canada and even extending into parts of the United States. 

Intercity buses may include onboard toilets, air conditioning, reclining seats and movies, and some also offer free WiFi and electrical outlets. Tickets can be purchased online, over the phone, at a bus terminal or via an agency. 

Taxis in Canada

Most cities in Canada usually have several taxi companies to choose from, and these can either be hailed in the street, caught at a taxi rank or pre-booked over the phone. Metered fares are regulated in cities and cannot be negotiated. Drivers generally expect a tip of between 10 and 15 percent. Taxi drivers in all major cities are required to carry official identification issued by the city. 

Ride-hailing apps such as Uber are also available in many parts of Canada.

Domestic air travel in Canada

Given the size of Canada, air travel is often the most efficient and affordable way of getting across the country. 

The Canadian airline industry is highly competitive. Industry leaders, such as Air Canada, have stiff competition from rising low-cost airlines, including Sunwing Airlines and Swoop, which means there are always great deals to be had.

Cycling in Canada

Canadian towns and cities promote cycling and try to provide cyclists with the best possible riding conditions, including dedicated cycle lanes.

Cyclists in Canada must follow the same road regulations as other vehicles. Wearing a helmet is compulsory in most provinces. There are plenty of dedicated bicycle stores all over Canada, while many of the larger Canadian cities have also implemented bike-sharing schemes to further incentivise cycling.

Driving in Canada

Driving is the most common means of transport in Canada. Expats will be able to use their foreign driving licence for a few months, but will ultimately have to exchange it for a Canadian one. This may either be a straight swap or a full driving test may be required. 

Under Canadian law, all cars must be insured and registered with the owner’s provincial or territorial government. Insurance costs can vary across Canada, so expats should do some research before committing to a company.